Who are the most powerful in the early roman empire? The political history of the Roman Empire

The political history of the Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was a mosaic of territories and cultures that were chiefly bound together by a common system of government. All those who lived in the empire were subjects of a single ruler, the emperor, but they followed various cultures, religions, languages and races.
Many languages were spoken in the empire, but for the purposes of administration Latin and Greek were the most widely used,indeed the only official languages.
Augustus was the first emperor who established monarchy in 27 BCE. He was also called the ‘Principate’. Although Augustus was the sole ruler and the only real source of authority,

the fiction was kept alive that he was only the ‘leading citizen’ (Princepsin Latin), not the absolute ruler. This was done out of respect for the Senate.

Senate was the body which had controlled Rome earlier, in the days when it was a Republic. The Senate had existed in Rome for centuries, and had been and remained a body representing the aristocracy, that is, the wealthiest families of Roman and later Italian descent mainly landowners.
Next to the emperor and the Senate, the other key institution of imperial rule was the army. Romans had a paid professional army where soldiers had to put in a minimum of 25 years of service. The army was the largest single organised body in the empire with 600,000 soldiers in the fourth century. The soldiers would constantly agitate for better wages and service conditions. These agitations often took the form of mutinies.

The Roman Empire was a mosaic of territories and cultures that were chiefly bound together by a common system of government. All those who lived in the empire were subjects of a single ruler, the emperor, but they followed various cultures, religions, languages and races.
Many languages were spoken in the empire, but for the purposes of administration Latin and Greek were the most widely used,indeed the only official languages.
Augustus was the first emperor who established monarchy in 27 BCE. He was also called the ‘Principate’. Although Augustus was the sole ruler and the only real source of authority,
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the fiction was kept alive that he was only the ‘leading citizen’ (Princepsin Latin), not the absolute ruler. This was done out of respect for the Senate.

Senate was the body which had controlled Rome earlier, in the days when it was a Republic. The Senate had existed in Rome for centuries, and had been and remained a body representing the aristocracy, that is, the wealthiest families of Roman and later Italian descent mainly landowners.
Next to the emperor and the Senate, the other key institution of imperial rule was the army. Romans had a paid professional army where soldiers had to put in a minimum of 25 years of service. The army was the largest single organised body in the empire with 600,000 soldiers in the fourth century. The soldiers would constantly agitate for better wages and service conditions. These agitations often took the form of mutinies.
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